When Grant was elected U.S. president in 1868, the whole countrys relief was palpable. Along with many other reputable distillers and rectifiers, Taylor was worried that the bad whiskey in the marketplace would reflect badly on the whole industry. The glassware and packaging for "The Ancients" was supposed to be unique and eye-catching and indeed, it was. According to Gerald Carson in his book, The Social History of Bourbon, one such tax collector, who had employed the services of a dozen soldiers to guard his house, had it burned to the ground nonetheless. Not only did the geographical aspects of Kentucky make it a tough area to invade, if Washington had decided to pick on Kentuckians rather than Pennsylvanians, he would have run the risk that the state would up and leave the union and join up with the Spanish, who controlled the land west of Kentucky. Starting in the mid-1600s, sugar, and molasses were exported from the West Indies to New England where the colonists made their very own variety of rum. July 23, 1803: Robert Emmet (1778-1803) foments a rebellion in Ireland, in an unsuccessful attempt to secure its independence from Great Britain. Tennessee enforced statewide Prohibition in 1910. Fortunately, however, the government rethought their actions when they realized that much of the whiskey being consumed at the time wasnt being taxed at all. Jack Daniels No. From there, things went from bad to worse for the investigators. So here we have a perfect place to make whiskey--the cultivation of corn was encouraged and therefore became the predominant grain, the water was perfect for distillation, and the settlers had plenty of wood from which to make barrels. Another bone of contention on the Craig theory is the fact that since Craig never actually lived in Bourbon County (he was based slightly to the west of the county border), some people claim that this discredits him completely from ever having made a whiskey known as bourbon. This agency eventually became part of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Barley was also grown in these states, and it was familiar to the farmers and distillers. It is estimated that, although relatively little wine or beer was poured during Prohibition, consumption of the hard stuff actually increased by more than 15 percent per person. Sometime during the mid-1980s, people who were wont to throw $20 on the bar and stay there until it was gone, were no longer able to spend it on four or five Screwdrivers or seven or eight beers. . A bottle exists today, produced in 1848, that bears the word bourbon and the distillers name, M. Bininger and Company of New York. A similar trust of that time was the Kentucky Distilleries and Warehouse Company (KDWC), formed in 1899. The plant produced Tom Moore Bourbon in 1879, and Mattingly & Moore Bourbon by 1896. During the first decades of the new century, science began to play a part in the manufacture of whiskey--due to a large extent to James Crows sour-mash methods. Schenley changed the wording on the label to Whiskey--A Blend--All Straight Whiskeys, but it was too late--the brand died. In Europe, the Great War broke out in 1914, and although President Woodrow Wilson initially declared that the country would remain neutral, on April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany. They had the right idea, and if they just could have waited another 50 years or so, they might have made a fortune. (Mail-order liquor, of course, was not restricted to dry states, the whole country took advantage of some of the sizeable discounts the system offered.). They were sold in a small glass which normally held a gill (4 ounces) and cost 5 cents. . With the help of some newspapermen in St. Louis, Bristow was about to crack the ring wide open. He died in 1917. He made whiskey using corn as the predominant grain, he insisted on aging it in charred casks, and he used a sour-mash starter. Drinking was still legal in some areas of the country--but not for too very much longer. The whiskeys--and the people who make them--have won a place in our hearts. Just over two years later, on January 17, 1920, after the Volstead Act that enabled the National Prohibition Law, had been passed by 287 votes to 100, the nation was officially dry. The company was acquired by United Distillers in 1991. When it's good, it's good. We should mention, however, that some modern distillers go to great trouble to differentiate their various bottlings, either by using different recipes, and/or by selecting whiskeys that have developed particular styles during aging. Size 1000mL Proof 90.4 . Nobody stopped making bourbon, rye, or Tennessee whiskey simply because sales werent as good as expected; they dealt with the situation as best they could. The Confederate troops, on the other hand, didnt get their fair share of whiskey, not only due to their lack of hard cash, but also because the South couldnt afford to use what valuable grain there was to make such frivolous stuff as whiskey; people were wanting of the basic necessities just to exist. Basil Hayden (Old Grand-Dad Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in either 1785 or 1796, depending on the source. But this profession is beloved because it is essential, and it is respected because its pursuit is clothed with an element of danger and with a sporting risk. However, those nineteenth-century temperance movements had been gaining momentum, and the whiskey industry was about to confront its most formidable enemy. This 100-proof bourbon (and rye) got its 9-year-old age statement back in 2020 after it was removed for a few years . Over 65 million gallons of the hard stuff was consumed by Americans. In 1933, National owned approximately 50 percent of all of the whiskey in America along with a number of notable distilleries, such as the Wathen Distillery (Old Grand-Dad, Old Taylor, and Old Crow), the Overholt Distillery (Old Overholt), and three other distilleries that produced straight whiskey. Back in 1850, both Old Pepper and Old Crow whiskeys were made at the same distillery. Whatever his product actually was, however, was strong enough to get a whole bunch of native Americans so drunk that they scalped and killed him in 1622. Carson states that one colonel from Georgia was actually making whiskey himself--prohibition be damned. Over 2,000 barrels of whiskey were shipped out of Kentucky in 1820, and it was widely known as bourbon. And Grant was returned to office in 1872. Liquor, beer, and wine have long been popular targets of taxation for governments in need of a few extra dollars for two very simple reasons: Beverage alcohol is produced from food, be it fruit, sugar, or grain, but it is not necessary to sustain life. The Cascade distillery in Tullahoma, Tennessee, was founded in 1877 and later purchased by Dickels company. Therefore, to find the creator of bourbon, we must for the character most likely to have put them all together. The Sassenach. (It then declined by about 25 percent after Repeal.). There were few regulations about how the stuff should be made. Others turned to supplying grain to families like the Peppers rather than distilling their own products. I do not believe that men can be legislated into angels--even red-nosed angels. Henry Watterson, owner and editor of the Louisville Courier Journal, wrote those words in 1913. Distillation is not an easy process. That's 80 percent alcohol for those new to this game. But still, these early Americans werent content. Whiskey labeled as bourbon was actually distilled from low-grade molasses. The sandwich was never eaten--but many drinks were sold. However, since the majority of brewers and distillers thought of the drys as not much more than religious fanatics, they chose not only to ignore them, but foolishly carried on doing business as usual--a bad move, and one that would eventually lead to their downfall. Not everyone was enamored of this new method, however, and some forward-thinking individuals took to actively advertising the fact that they continued to use old-fashioned methods. Even as late as 1891, James E. Pepper was advertising that he distilled twice over open fires (signifying the use of pot stills). Stills had been commonplace on Scottish farms since the mid-1500s, usually little more than barrel-size (or smaller) enclosed copper pots with a metal pipe that emerged from the top and coiled down to a receptacle that caught the condensed spirit. The word Kentucky, just by the by, as translated from the native American Iroquoian, is proposed to have two meanings: Some say it means meadowland, whereas others say that the word means dark and bloody ground and was so-called to commemorate the native American wars fought within the area. Crockett paints a wonderful picture of a fancy saloon filled with power brokers being served by no less than a dozen white-coated bartenders who were busy all afternoon and evening ministering to an endless array of thirsts. Mind you, respectable as this bar may have been, Crockett does give mention to customers who were filled to overflowing and had to be either carried or led away. Its little wonder that a number of wives of this period were dismayed and more by their spouses drinking habits. By the early 1940s, however, the distillers had managed to age sufficient quantities of straight whiskey to have an appreciable amount of good, aged bourbon and rye back on the shelves. In the 1790s American distilled spirits (whiskey, gin, rye, bourbon, etc.) Russian businessman Peter A. Demens wrote about their nasty business in Sketches of the North American United States, 1895, Several weeks ago the Illinois whiskey trust by hired agents dynamited a distillery in Chicago that refused to enter the combine.. This date coincides nicely with George Garvin Browns 1870 decision to sell his Old Forester bourbon exclusively in sealed bottles. Raise a glass to the pioneers and heroes of the American whiskey industry: Jacob Beam, I. W. Bernheim, Colonel Blanton, Wattie Boone, A. Smith Bowman, George Garvin Brown, the Chapeze brothers, James Crow, Jack Daniel, J. W. Dant, George Dickel, Basil Hayden, Paul Jones, Henry McKenna, Tom Moore, Elijah Pepper, T. B. Ripy, Robert Samuels, the Shapira brothers, E. H. Taylor, Pappy Van Winkle, W. L. Weller, and Evan Williams. The Shapira family, owners of this distillery, now produce Heaven Hill, Evan Williams, Elijah Craig, Henry McKenna, J. T. S. Brown, and Mattingly and Moore bourbons as well as Pikesville straight rye whiskey. Among its offering is a whiskey, sold in ceramic jars and bottles, that Canale names Old Dominick. David Beam (Jim Beam Bourbon) was working at the Old Tub Distillery in 1850, and his son, David M. Beam became distiller there in 1853. The most avid of these budding aficionadas and aficionados worked at learning about their drinks. Crow was a man of medicine and a man of science, and it was he who experimented scientifically with using setback (sour mash) to control certain aspects of his whiskey-making methods. And beer was made in relatively copious quantities in the 1600s. B. Dant (Yellowstone Bourbon) built a distillery at Gethsemane, Kentucky, in 1912. WhistlePig The Bhlden is aged for 21 years in American Oak ex-bourbon barrels and to give it that WhistlePig flair finished . Henry McKenna (Henry McKenna Bourbon) started making whiskey near Bardstown in 1855. Though temperance societies had sprung up at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and grew stronger, larger, and more adamant about their quest after the Civil War, gone were the days of espousing moderation. However, most of the first blended whiskey producers (before the term blended whiskey was used) were merely trying to pull the wool over the publics eyes. Lincoln replied that although he wasnt a member of any such society, he personally didnt drink. However, European Vitis vinifera grapevines didnt fare well on the East Coast. Bootleggers smuggled bottles of Scotch whiskey in hollowed-out loaves of bread. During Prohibition, not only did heady flavor of juniper help disguise just how poorly the liquor had been made, it also gave the drinking public what they wanted--a highly flavored spirit. Upon his release from jail McDonald accused Grant of taking part in the Ring in his book, Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring (1880). One great example of this was Schenleys Golden Wedding rye whiskey, a very popular brand before Prohibition. At one point Wiley is rumored to have taken a bottle of bad whiskey to President Teddy Roosevelt who examined the product and declared that if people could no longer get a decent glass of whiskey, it was time that something was done about it. A lid of sorts must then have been fitted onto the top of the log. The years between 1920 and 1933 are usually associated with speakeasies, bootleggers, bathtub gin, and gangsters, and, indeed, for some, those were the highlights of the decade. All whiskeys were, once again, whiskeys--some were blended, and some were straight--but the label had to declare which type was in the bottle. And while they had the governments attention, the distillers took the opportunity to have them look at the fact that paying taxes on unaged whiskey, a product that couldnt yet be sold, was another problem that should be dealt with. (One horse could carry about four bushels of grain or one 60-gallon barrel of whiskey--the product of 24 bushels of grain. Happily, the atmosphere was nowhere near as oppressive as it had been for our forefathers at the beginning of this century. . The straight wooden staves that are used to form a barrel must be heated in order to bend the wood into the familiar barrel shape. Irishman James Thompson joined George Garvin Brown (his second cousin) in the whiskey business during the mid 1870s. The country drank and drank, hardly knowing what was in the glass, everyone was out to achieve the high of all highs, and no one cared much how they did it. One report states that General James Wilkinson built a distillery at Harrodsburg, the earliest permanent settlement in Kentucky (1774), but that report is probably untrue since there is no record of Wilkinson being in the area until about 10 years later. Henry Hudson Wathen (whose family kept the Old Grand-Dad label alive in the late nineteenth century) began distilling whiskey in Kentucky in 1788. But these people still had the same amount of money to spend. It was a grand system that had actually been around since about 1870 when bottles became more common as a way of packaging whiskey, but as local Prohibition spread, drinkers in dry areas began writing away for whiskey like never before, and they were treated to some marvelous offers and premiums. 2020 Distilled Spirits Council of the United States | Equal Opportunity Employer | Distilled Spirits Council. But by contrast, a large part of the population has become accustomed to disregard and to violate the law without thinking. (We wouldnt, however, see the very last of the pot still until Prohibition, and one die-hard distillery in Pennsylvania was using a pot still for a secondary distillation in the late 1980s.). If temporary refuge from their plight lay in a slug of whiskey, they would find a way of getting it. And these tables were not present only in the posh bars, working-class saloons offered similar meals, but the fare on their tables--pickled eggs, frankfurters, stews, and thick, hearty soups--was not nearly as sumptuous as that at the Waldorf. Along with the rest of the country, the whiskey industry braced itself for more setbacks. In February, 1933, he conducted what Time magazine described as, a pathetic one-man filibuster against Repeal. His oration lasted over eight hours, but nonetheless the following day the Senate voted to take up the Repeal resolution by 58 votes to 23. 9: Alcohol and the City 1800-1900. The choice was simple: Let it mold and rot, or change its form as the ancient alchemists did and produce the water of life. (The word whisky is derived from the Gaelic word uisgebaugh, [WEEZ-ga-bochh] meaning water of life. If you say the word quickly enough--or with a substantial quantity of whiskey in your system--it becomes, with a little shortening, WEEZ-ga, a word that was Anglicized to become whisky.), Distilling grain gives farmers two distinct avenues for profit-making: The distillate, by virtue of having a high concentration of alcohol, can be stored almost indefinitely, and liquor is relatively easy to transport--much easier than huge sheaves of corn or rye. What they werent considering, of course, was that once the public grew accustomed to blended whiskey, chances were they would never return to the pure stuff. Mainly because gin was what the bootleggers had decided to make--and they had good reasons: It is relatively simple to take unaged spirits, straight from the still, add a little oil of juniper, and create gin--not London Dry gin, mind you, a distinctive spirit with myriad natural flavors lovingly distilled into it, but a very crude form of what we now call compound gin, a less-expensive substitute. Glenmore Distilleries (Kentucky Tavern, among others) survived Prohibition well and went on to become major producers and importers of a number of liquors and liqueurs. They were shipping whiskey to all sorts of colorful Western towns--Laramie, Tombstone, Dodge City--but it wasnt always too good; much was completely unaged and cut with water. Within four years he was selling whiskey. Daniel Weller (W. L. Weller Bourbon) floated into Bardstown on a flatboat in 1794. This was by no means an uncommon practice. James E. Pepper built the James E. Pepper Distillery in 1879 and soon produced a whiskey that bore his name. They were out to prevent accidents and to help those with a drinking problem take care of themselves. In 1864, David M. Beam, owner of the Old Tub distillery, was blessed with child--the one and only Jim Beam. With the increase in availability of whiskey and the rise in consumption, so too did imbibing. Americans in 1825 were drinking almost three times as much alcohol as the people living in the somewhat wild days of 1970. Some distilleries installed newer versions of the continuous still so they could produce industrial alcohol, and others simply sent their low-proof alcohol to distilleries that could redistill it until it was strong enough for the war effort. Bonding helped the whiskey men a little since it meant that they didnt have to pay their taxes as soon as the spirit ran out of the still, but 12 months wasnt a very long grace period considering that whiskey under two years old isnt worth drinking, and it doesnt really gain much character until it has been in the wood for three to four years. Washingtons written proclamation on the Whiskey Rebellion, August 7, 1794, gives us his views on the uprising. A bottle of Old Crow in 1916 would have cost $2 to $3, depending on its age (the $3 bottling was distilled in 1884, the less expensive one in 1904), and rye whiskey at the time was being sold at similar prices. It seems that a certain William Bard, an agent for David Bard and John C. Owens, who as partners had laid claim to 1,000 acres of land in Kentucky County by 1780, held a lottery that same year in which the 33 lucky winners would be awarded lots on the land. In the years between the Civil War and 1900, the very ways in which whiskey was packaged and marketed were also updated and modernized. The log was then stood upright and filled from the top with fermented mash. Its a grand way to do business: Pop into the town center with a few quarts of whiskey, trade one to the local seamstress in return for a new dress for the missus, another to the fishmonger who will supply you with dinner for the next four Fridays, and when the landlord is passing by, maybe you can persuade him to take a gallon of your finest whiskey in lieu of a few months rent. A Few Other Whiskey Men Who Appeared in Kentucky Before 1800, All of these families helped bring the tradition of American whiskey-making into the nineteenth and right through to the twentieth century. These prices could be much higher in cities or for name brand liquors. The traditional price for a bottle of cheap whiskey in a cowboy saloon was two bits (25 cents). Whiskey had great value during the Civil War. A good number of bars were no more than dens of iniquity where one could buy drugs, consort with prostitutes, hire strong-armed boys to do a little dirty work, or bribe voters with a few shots of whiskey. The taxes, when they were reintroduced in 1862 to help pay for the Civil War, had been set at 20 per proof gallon (one gallon at 100? There are three recipes for making imitation Old Bourbon in Stephens book, one calls for 20 gallons of proof spirit (neutral spirits diluted to 100? This was typical of the time. April 30, 1803: Jefferson buys Louisiana from France, doubling the size of the country. The yearbook goes on to note the progress that the drys had made since the Leagues conception in 1893. Members lectured and wrote to prominent people on both sides of the issue trying to bank the fire a little. When the first immigrants arrived on this continent, their love for alcohol in almost any shape or form led to a chain of events that would culminate in the creation of distinctive American whiskeys. And then theres the sour-mash component. In order to put people to work, Roosevelt proposed a New Deal for the country. Even so, Grant, at this point, made it clear that he wanted to clear up the whole mess and prosecute whoever was responsible for stealing the money. Was Thorpe actually distilling corn whiskey at the time? However, some documents had been discovered that pointed to reasons other than friendship for Grants change of heart. A: Because charring the inside of a cask reduces it to a kind of charcoal; and charcoal (by absorbing animal and vegetable impurities) keeps the liquor [liquid] sweet and good. But this document, assuming the 1854 date is within fifty years of the publication date, is from the nineteenth century. 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