The unfolding of the story in the Book of Ruth shows us the matchless grace of our God. Obed's father was thought to be twice his mother's ageBased on ancient Jewish writings, some religious scholars believe that Boaz was around 80 years old, and Ruth around 40, when the marriage proposal took place. And then, through an incredible teacher, I was introduced to you. The succession of property and possessions within a family was crucial. Your explanation is well understood. For the person you are going to spend many, many years with. Even more, she is told by Boaz that nobody must know a woman was on the threshing floor (presumably with him). Yahweh is mentioned in each chapter yet never appears to speak or act. A55 If a man has taken and raped another mans virgin daughter, dishonoring her (she was living in her fathers house, was not engaged, and her hymen had not been penetratedsince she had not been married), and no one had a claim on the fathers house, the father is to take the rapists wife and allow her to be raped, and keep her, not returning her to her husband. WHY WON'T THE SNOW MELT? Having faith is one of the hardest things youll ever have to do, but its worth it. Boaz accepts, provided that another with a superior claim declines. Threshing floors were also places of legal judgements which is accommodated by its location very near to the city gates. Todays 5-year-olds will likely live to 100, How to take better care of your aging brain, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rain forest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. The idiom of spreading the corner of the garment must has implied the garment was not presently being word by the owner. Melchizedek (type, Gen. 14) relates to Jesus in the priesthood according to the order of Melchizedek (anti-type, Heb. Was he afraid people might take her for a lady of the night? 6. The days of the judges were a time of almost unbroken national depression for Israel. She does all this knowing he would be intoxicated. Out of this union came the Messianic line, and, thereby, Ruth had the blessing of being a Gentile woman in the lineage of Jesus the Messiah. Ruth, Zuta 4:13), their union was blessed with a child, Obed, Davids grandfather. 9). If not inappropriate, at least frowned upon. Although we must exercise care in this area in order not to develop fanciful pictures, we are fully justified in labeling an event in the Old Testament a type if there is a clear parallel in a New Testament event. How many husbands did Ruth have in the Bible? And it came to pass at midnight, that the man was afraid, and turned himself: and, behold, a woman lay at his feet. Before seeing this video, I had never heard of the story of Ruth and Boaz, so naturally I did more research. https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/what-did-ruth-and-boaz-do-on-the-threshing-floor/. I remember how we told each other everything, good and bad, and received hugs all the same. Her request for the corner is humility speaking but the garment would have been given enough of to cover the requestor entirely. She then proceeds to not just ask Boaz to cover her in marriage but essentially acts out her request while laying under the garment with a presumably naked Boaz underneath. The reference in a Kings 7:21 is to the name of one of the two pillars (Jakin & Boaz) that formed the entrance to the temple in Jerusalem. There is no need to assume she performed a sexual act or that the meaning of her behavior has been lost to history. The ceremony that followed this decision (4:711) is often said to be the ceremony of Chalitzah; however, a number of factors indicate that it probably was not that ceremony. Though life has changed our paths and you go to a different school, we still talk weekly, sometimes daily. Along the way, well encounter and examine other related issues and doctrines, and take a historical trip through the OT. However, Davids instructions to go home and wash his feet might not have been a direct reference. The reference in 1 Chronicles 2:11-12. Elimelek and Naomi had two sons, Mahlon and Kilion. The ethnographic museum of the past is making its way to the exit.. Who created it? Even in a foreign land, she sought ways to put food on the table. Boaz recognized his responsibility; but he also knew that there was another man who was a closer kinsman than he (3:1213). This really ministered to me today. I could build a snowman or something. 2 Now Boaz, with whose women you have worked, is a relative of ours. She could have left her but she didn't. She served her. It is viewed as a holy covenant between a man and a woman, a necessity for the divine plan to propagate the human race (Gen. 1:28), and so important that even the study of the Torah could be put aside to celebrate with and bring joy to a newly married couple. She was not a small, fragile girl that the picture above seems to portray her as, and she did not just wait around for Boaz to come save her. Spread the corner of your garment over me, since you are a guardian-redeemer of our family.(Ruth 3:1-9). To do so, you must be willing to say, I do.. She bathes, perfumes, and dresses herself as only a bride would do on her wedding night. David is the greatest of kings, a military strategist beyond compare, and the author of many of the Psalms. 23:34). The Rahab being referred to is the very Rahab who hid the Israelite spies in Jericho. We will explore these options below. Given this passage, it seems that two options exist. Many of these prophetic events were fulfilled in the person of the Messiah (Col. 2:1517). Two Middle Assyrian laws also deal with such things. Ruth approaches Boaz and asks him to exercise his right of kinship and marry her. This takes place in order to bring down the soul of the dead man through the life of the new couple's future child. I firmly believe that there should be a little of both Ruths in your life: the one that is described in the picture and the one that is described in the bible. He also maintains his own blogrevkylenorman.ca. Whatever the reason was, I am so glad that I was able to dig into this story and feel a new understanding of the strength and courage that Ruth had back in these days. If we allow the variances for human error, and for gaps in the details the Holy Spirit did not provide, we can still pin point the time period between the judges of Othniel and Ehud. However, Boaz was not wearing the garment; he was using his outer garment as a blanket. When he made love to her, the Lord enabled her to conceive, and she gave birth to a son. Third, Ruth did not spit in the face of the near kinsman. Eventually Naomi and Ruth decided that it is a good idea for Ruth to marry Boaz, so the decision there was first put in the minds of these two women, not Boaz himself. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. According to the rabbis, Boaz was about 80 years of age when he married Ruth. The fact that she was sneaking in and that she was eventually snuck out (3:14), seems to indicate that what she was doing was not an approved behavior. He and Ruth were blessed with children, and Ruth lived long enough to see her great-grandson David become king of Israel. Thus, the threshing floor doubled as a high place for ancient Israelite worship (Judges 6:11, 2 Samuel 6:6, 2 Samuel 24). In the dead of winter, its 60 degrees outside and people are wearing shorts. For example, the Bible often describes the act of sex as knowing one another (Gen 4:1, 19:5, Num 31:17, etc.). How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? And if the man desire not to take his brothers wife, then let his brothers wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husbands brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel; he will not perform the duty of my husbands brother. That is pretty much it. Ruth 4The Message. Threshing floors were located on high elevations due to better wind to help winnow. How astounding it is that Christs assumption of fallen humanity goes even to the family lineage he adopts in the incarnation. Though not unusual during those times, this age difference would have spoken further to Ruth's wise character, and it makes sense in light of the comment Boaz made to Ruth . She's a widow. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. In creative and exciting ways, God brings about Gods purposes through unlikely circumstances and people. NO, Boaz did NOT take what was ***NOT*** his. It is believed by the rabbis that he was a member of the Sanhedrin, the ruling body of Israel. She did not wait for a man to care for her. (LogOut/ Via letters, she continued to collaborate with Hahn, and they eventually discovered nuclear fission. Curators are realizing that returning looted artifacts isnt closing museumsits opening new doors. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, 3 ways Jimmy Carter changed the world for the better, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Because of Temples disability, she faced many unique difficulties growing up. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. The idiom is used to imply that he knew her sexually but it would be a bit of a faux pas to just out right say they had sex. Boaz bought the estate from Naomi and married Ruth. Yet it is probable that the custom of raising up an offspring by a near relative was present in Israel before this command was given in the Law of Moses (see the account of Judah and Tamar in Genesis 38). Ancient Hebrew is one of those languages which was prone to being filled with idioms. A snow day would mean I could catch up on all my work. Ruths uncovering of Boazs feet means she was risking exposing him to her own gaze and it also meant she was laying with an undressed man. As we reflect on the compassion of Boaz for Ruth, certainly it was stirred by many factors. Ruth was in exactly this condition. It is here where she meets Boaz. (LogOut/ 26. 7 When Boaz had finished eating and drinking and was in good spirits, he went over to lie down at the far end of the grain pile. Mahlon chose a young woman named Ruth, but he also died shortly thereafter. Lux is a social entrepreneur, an investor and a frustrated globetrotter. Its not the fault of the language itself but of the time period and people that used it. Heidi is so sweet and loving, but you better not sneeze while she is the in the room because she will dart out of there. 2. I really enjoyed reading about Ruth and how she became in the lineage of Jesus. 10 Reasons God Might Not Be Blessing Your Life, 9 Christians You Don't Want to Sit Beside on Sunday Morning, 6 Truths about Jesus Coming into the World, Inspiring Mother Breaks Down after Earning Golden Buzzer with Celine Dion Hit, 7 Ways Anxiety Dominates the Christian Mind. This is a marvelous story of love between two people. If the rapist has no wife, his to give the third in silver (the virgin-price) to her father. Proponents of the idea that Ruth performed a sexual act point to a similar phrase that shows up in the writings of the 1t century author, Gaius Petronius. I wish I knew more about what was going on there. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The problem with assuming the word feet is a veiled reference to genital is that the story of Ruth would be hard to read if that were true. The story of Ruth and Boaz is simple. Like the passage in Ruth, the reference to feet appears to be sexual in nature but without a direct mention of any sexual act. She also worked for the Red Cross in WWII and as a Civil Rights supporter. She is scared of everything. Thank you. This was a deeply held tradition in Israel. a. 5-7 jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17118_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17118_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], }); I have winnowed them with a winnowing fork in the gates of the land;(Jeremiah 15:7). 12:40). When I have my own house, I plan to own as many dogs as my home will allow me to fit. He has 20 years of pastoral experience, and his ministry focuses on helping people overcome times of spiritual discouragement. If a man seduces a virgin who is not pledged to be married and sleeps with her, he must pay the bride-price, and she shall be his wife. 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year. At midnight the man was startled and turned over, and behold, a woman lay at his feet! While this book may not contain epic battles or divine displays of power, Ruth is packed with meaning. This was in response to Naomis insistence that Ruth stay with her own people after the death of Mahlon, while Naomi returned to Israel and her people. Lot sleeping with his daughters). You are waiting. Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. I promise you it is worth your time and will make you think hard and laugh harder. Ruth was very enterprising. Standing in this context would have been in reference to how he was regarded within the community. [1]Irit Ziffer, The Threshing Floor in Reality and Metaphor, pp. Boaz then fulfilled the obligation of kinsman-redeemer by marrying Ruth and raising up seed with her to perpetuate the name of Mahlon, as required by the Law (4:10). We have no right or ability to redeem what we have lost. I think often times many of us girls get so impatient and worked up about being lonely and not having our Boaz that we settle for less than Gods best. The 2nd century Greek rhetorician, Athenaeus, collated a number of instances where nobles speak of such things. Boaz died ( he was considerably older than Ruth so, it's quite possible). For example, Ruth not only uncovered his feet but she also lay at his feet until morning. We cannot underestimate the significance of this. She believes all things are possible through Christ. Who's Who in the Bible: Unforgettable People and Timeless Stories from Genesis to Revelation. The rankings are in, and these colleges & universities are the costliest in 2023. Im covered in snow. I really hope classes get cancelled The book of Ruth does not mention any overt acts of the Lord. That means its really cold out. Arguably one of the biggest names in the Old Testament is that of King David. Ruth, never went as far as to massage his feet. 4 Boaz went straight to the public square and took his place there. As a shared space it was also a location of worship and cultic prostitution. It is likely that the marriage of Ruth and Boaz was not technically a Levirate marriage as outlined in Deuteronomy 25. Kahlos life was very much colored with pain ranging from her contraction of polio at age six, growing up during the Mexican Revolution, a traumatic bus accident, her tumultuous marriage to artist Diego Rivera and several miscarriages. The meaning is self evident: Members of the group are accorded privileges not extended to others. Instead, Ruth reads like a quaint love story. She did not wait for her mother in law to make a way for the two of them to be fed. In chapter 4, verses 1 and 2, Boaz called the nearer kinsman to the gate of the city and asked for ten elders to join them to be public witnesses to the encounter. I envied your blas attitude and I feared that my over-excitable nature would ruin a friendship before it began. The seducer is to give the third (the virgin-price) in silver and the father is to treat his daughter as he wants. She has been an advocate and fighter for womans rights from a very young age, despite the adversity she has been confronted with. She is not only a renowned animal behavioral specialist, but is also on the Autism spectrum. A portrait of the Messiah and His gracious love is clearly seen in the lives of Ruth and Boaz. for you, where you will be well provided for. The Jewish community has always looked upon marriage as a sacred and divine institution. Boaz was a wealthily man who owned the fields that Ruth gleaned in. His writing can be found at Christianity.com,crosswalk.com,ibelieve.com, Renovare Canada, and many others. Boaz was 80 years old and Ruth 40 when they married (Ruth R. 6:2), and although he died the day after the wedding (Mid. It was quite common for weddings to occur at a community shared threshing floor. When discussing her move, Baker said, I wanted to get far away from those who believed in cruelty, so then I went to France, a land of true freedom, democracy, equality and fraternity.. Boaz knew of Ruths situation and told his workers to leave plenty of grain for her to find. For the man will not rest until the matter is settled today., To sum it up: Lessons for single men and women, mother in law what had happened she explained. I liked the comparison in the picture, because the goal is to teach young women not to rush into the wrong relationship, but to wait for the right man to come along that can help support you and love you unconditionally. She approaches Boaz in the middle of the night like a prostitute on the threshing floor. This proves that there is nothing Gods love and grace will not overcome. Although, his surprise could be explained by the fact that he appears to not recognize her and had to call out her to identify herself. And their personalities are completely different. Astoundingly, Matthew makes a point of mentioning both Ruth and Boaz. Having suffered the loss of her husband and her two sons, Naomi must return to her family in Bethlehem. 7). Listen to our episode on Ruth right now: Photo credit: Getty Images/Mikhail Azarov. Though we technically met in Kindergarten, we officially met at freshman orientation in high school. Modern readers might assume that this garment is on his body and that he just needs to move closer to Ruth so she can touch the corner. How did Naomi react to the news that Ruth had been led to glean in Boaz's field (v. 20)? Boaz asked the nearer kinsman if he would be willing to redeem not only the land inheritance of Elimelech but also Ruth, the wife of Mahlon. Thank you for this article. (Petronius, Satyricon 70). But I once saw a quote that described it perfectly, Never apologize for having high standards, because those who really want to be in your life will rise up to meet them.. The important element, however, is that Boaz is a direct descendant of this heroine of the faith. One possible example comes from the story of David and Bathsheba. Why did I decide it would be a good idea to go to school here? Matthew traces Jesus earthly lineage all the way back to Adam. Unauthorized use is prohibited. Frida Kahlo is one of the greatest painters and feminists of the modern era. Brittany Morgan, National Writer's Society2. He was a righteous man . More importantly, this shows the grand arc of Gods salvation plan. That sounds like an incoherent plotline. Perhaps, this is why Naomi told Ruth to bathe, put on ointment, and dress her best. So that when they come, you will be ready. And that right there is what is so important to realize. Often times she was hungry, and while working as an in-house domestic was abused. Through her struggles, Kahlo inspires us to create something meaningful out of the pain that we will inevitably face in life. A Jewish Messiah took to Himself a predominantly Gentile bride. In addition to the sexual nature of the threshing floor, Ruth added her own sexual appeal. Whether its the familiar scent of Chanel no 5 on your classy aunt or the covet-worthy quilted purse in the window of Saks, we all know the Chanel name. And Ruth the Moabite said to Naomi, Let me go to the fields and pick up the leftover grain behind anyone in whose eyes I find favor., When you place yourself in a place to work, you give. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. As it turned out, she was working in a field belonging to Boaz, who was from the clan of Elimelek. I am your servant Ruth, she said. But his waiting paid off, and God brought Ruth into his life. Was Naomi trying to run Gods will for herself like Sarah and Abraham when they had Ishmael? Can costs go any higher? Not only Ruth, but Tamar, the Jericho city prostitute, Bathsheba! 16) is fulfilled in Jesus, our High Priest (anti-type, Heb. God provided for the childless widow in the Old Testament through what is referred to as Levirate marriage. Its four chapters hold no account of exciting battles or awe-inspiring miracles. Moved by Ruths selflessness, Boaz invites Ruth to glean grain from his field. The iconic Chanel logo however would not be possible without its even more iconic founder Coco Chanel. In Ruth 2:11-12, Boaz, a man with superior leadership qualities, notes that Ruth is a hard worker. First, Ruth was not even presentonly Boaz was there. And after Boaz had eaten and drunk, and his heart was cheerful, he went to lie down at the end of the heap of grain; and she came softly, uncovered his feet, and lay down. PrayerRelay.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Follow the love triangle between Leah, Rachel, and Jacob. The thing that is best about them, though, is just how much they love us. 5:2233). 14. The two widows, Naomi of Judea and Ruth the Moabite, return from Moab to Judea some 10 years after Naomi left Bethlehem in Judea. Ruth was pushing the boundaries but also following the customs of the time. It went against all that he believed, as revealed in the Law. A similar example is seen in Ezekiel 16:8. Ruth and Boaz are important people within Gods unfolding plan of salvation. Jesus showed favor toward us, redeemed us, and restored our lost inheritance (Eph. Boaz cared for the poor in his community. When we consider the lineages of both Ruth and Boaz, however, and how their offspring paves the way for the births of David and the Messiah, this can hardly be considered a random incident. Beyond this, the Lord seems somewhat absent throughout the books events. She was also featured on the covers of countless magazines and still is seen on present day fashion blogs. The Talmud says, One who does not have a wife lives without joy, without bliss, without happiness. The sages said, One who dwells without a wife is as one who dwells without blessing. Rashi, the great 11th-century biblical and talmudic scholar and rabbi, said, A woman has no security until she marries. Marriage is seen as necessary to basic, healthy living (Gen. 2:18). Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. May theLord deal with me, be it ever so severely, if even death separates you and me.Can we just take a moment to talk about how powerfulthat speech is? This encounter with Boaz can easily be written off as a mere coincidence. Inspired by her painful childhood and grateful for her subsequent success, Hepburn became a UNICEF Ambassador. Without detailing these explanations or their possible accuracy, let me suggest a reason for the series of events that led to the marriage of Ruth and Boaz. It would appear from the events that she might have offered a proposal and offered herself as well. Ruth understood that she must "become for him a wife"; not forcing or defending the world that she brought into marriage but taking an interest and setting first the world in which Boaz lived and which she has now joined. The key issue here would have been a willingness to put her loyalty and faith ahead of certainty and security. Perhaps the nearer kinsman felt that marriage to Ruth, a Gentile, would mar his inheritance. Sorry, cat people, but I just dont get you. AHH SNOW!!! In the midrashic account, Ruth has reservations about such an act, but is nevertheless prepared to heed her mother-in-law, even if such behavior seems strange to her ( Ruth Rabbah 5:13 ; Ruth Zuta 3:2). She teaches women to embrace their own natural beauty in the face of the societal pressures for perfection and conformity. Then again, his ability to not recognize Ruth could be a consequence of his drunken state or how she positioned herself at his feet. 11. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Why wetlands are so critical for life on Earth, Rest in compost? God chooses the foolish and the weak to bless Gods people and establish Gods promises (1st Corinthians 1:27). The book of Ruth largely focuses on the relationship between Ruth and Boaz. You are waiting for the person that God so perfectly designed and made for you. What was the age difference between Boaz & Ruth? Pauls captivity at Caesarea the Book of Acts 24:24 reports that Several days later Felix came [back into court] with his wife Drusilla, who was a Jewess.. Boaz was 80 years old and Ruth 40 when they married (Ruth R. 6:2), and although he died the day after the wedding (Mid. Based on tuition & fees for the 2022-23 academic year, not counting the extra charge of room & board, here are the top 10 most expensive colleges, per The College Investor. In fact, the only mention of the Lords action is found at the end of the book, where it reads that the Lord enabled Ruth to conceive (4:13). The Bible does not say Boaz died the day after he married Ruth. Additionally, there was a strong economic incentive to this. (Deuteronomy 22:2829). Narrowly missing the cut, but rounding out the Top 20 most expensive colleges: All have something in common: tuition & fees are $60k or more. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor? Because when you think about it, it is kind of strange how we let animals that still chase other animals, lick themselves, and eat slugs (like my dog) live in our homes and sleep beside us in our beds. Why Is Acts 8:37 Missing From Modern Bibles? I wish I knew more. Can we bring a species back from the brink? However, this is not because women did not have a profound effect on history or the world. Ruth was NOT his when she went to the threshing floor. It is in the Gospel of Matthew, however, that we hear of his mother. According to the Midrash, her beauty was outstanding as that of a young girl, even though she was about 40 years of age. Every single one of my history classes has thus far been the chronicle of world events as told by men about men. The meeting between Ruth and Boaz can seem very clandestine. This theory rests on the fact that the threshing floor was a site of great romantic significance. Radhi, SUNY Stony Brook3. It is possible that alternatives exist but these are the most common. Josephine Baker shattered the glass ceiling and continues to be an inspiration for women of every color. I can literally remember it like it were yesterday: I was terrified and clutching my red folder like it was my lifesaver in a room where I was drowning. This seems to indicate she desired to not wake him up. There are a number of instances in the Hebrew scripture where the word margelotav/ could be used to refer to genitals but it usually means feet. We are then warned in the video that we have to have our guard up and watch out for those people who are going to try and tempt us. The charming little account contained in the Book of Ruth has all the interest-catching elements of an absorbing short story. He holds a doctorate in Spiritual formation and is a sought-after writer, speaker, and retreat leader. We see each other frequently and always have some new story (and a Spongebob reference or two). She went on to be the youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate. I knew it would be cold and snowy. Perhaps the last quote by Pastor Franklin was what I thought women (and even our generation, really) need to hear most. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Distributed By My Blogger Themes | Template Created By said unto Naomi, Let me now go to the field, and glean -- The right of gleaning was conferred by a positive law on the widow, the poor, and the stranger (see on Le 19:9 and De 24:19). (6-7) Ruth lays down at Boaz's feet. They touch my heart. I want to start by wishing you a happy birthday. I know I can speak on behalf of many women when I say that I would rather meet my Boaz in church than in da club anyway. We found out that we had the same classes and sat together at lunch. Other commands in the Mosaic Law forbade the Israelites from marrying the Canaanites (e.g., Deuteronomy 7:1-6 ). Boaz only receives passing mention outside the book of Ruth. New AI may pass the famed Turing test. The temperature is in the negatives?! Was Boaz drunk the night after winnowing? One day Ruths mother-in-law Naomi said to her, My daughter, I must find a home for you, where you will be well provided for. Then go and uncover his feet and lie down. A56 If the virgin has given herself to the man (voluntarily), he is to swear to this effect and his wife is to be left alone. The Reverend Dr. Kyle Norman is the Rector of St. Pauls Cathedral, located in Kamloops BC, Canada. Usually, a woman with this kind of predicament would be redeemed by her husband's nearest kinsmen, as it is written in Leviticus 25:25 do not be dismayed, for I am your God. Her bravery and determination makes her a role model for every woman. The first is that something slightly taboo was going on. There are many false stories about Biblical characters but I never heard this one. Clare Regelbrugge, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Sign in to comment to your favorite stories, participate in your community and interact with your friends. The reader is exposed to a plot containing elements of tragedy, conflict, characterization, and resolution. She eventually moved to Paris and became a French citizen. Flipbooks and PDF downloads are available to subscribers only.
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